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What is the principle of operation of the sensor, how does the sensor work sensor detailed science

What is the principle of operation of the sensor, how does the sensor work sensor detailed science

August 11 , 2023 0

The principle of the sensor is through the sensitive components and conversion components to the specific measured signals, according to certain laws into some kind of usable signals and output to meet the requirements of information transmission, processing, recording, display and control. Sensors can feel such as force, temperature, light, sound, chemical composition and other physical quantities, and can be converted into voltage, current and other electrical quantities in accordance with certain laws, or converted to the circuit on and off. Sensor is to realize the automatic detection and automatic control of the first link, its role is to convert non-electrical quantities into electrical quantities or circuit breaks, so as to realize very convenient for measurement, transmission, processing and control.

Sensor

Sensor Definition

Definition: A sensor is a component that senses physical quantities such as force, temperature, light, sound, chemical composition, etc., and converts them into another physical quantity (usually electrical quantities such as voltage, current, etc.) that can be easily

transmitted and processed according to a certain law, or into a circuit that is turned on and off.

Basic Characteristics: Converts non-electrical quantities into electrical quantities that can be easily measured, transmitted, processed and controlled.

How Sensors Work

Sensitive components directly feel the measurement, and the output and the measurement has a definite relationship with the physical signals; conversion element will be sensitive to the output of the physical signals converted into electrical signals; conversion circuit

is responsible for the conversion element output of the electrical signals to amplify the modulation; conversion element and conversion circuit generally also need auxiliary power supply. Sensors through the sensitive element is usually non-electrical quantities, and it

uses the conversion element output is usually electrical quantities, such as voltage, current, charge, etc..

Sensors are generally composed of four parts: sensitive element, conversion element, conversion circuit and auxiliary power supply.

It consists of two reeds made of soft magnetic material enclosed in a glass tube. When the magnet is close to the reed switch, the two reeds are magnetized and connected, so the reed switch can play the role of the switch, the switch is manipulated by the magnetic

field of this invisible "hand". Reed switch is a kind of sensor that can sense the magnetic field, widely used in electrical equipment and electronic equipment.

Characteristics of the sensors

Miniaturization, digitalization, intelligence, multifunctionality, systematization, networking it is the realization of automatic detection and automatic control of the first link. The existence and development of sensors, so that the object has a "sense of touch", "taste" and

"smell" and so on, so that the object is slowly "live! "up.

Classification Of Sensors

According to its use can be divided into: pressure sensors, position sensors, liquid level sensors, energy consumption sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, radiation sensors, thermal sensors, radar sensors and so on.

According to its principle can be divided into: vibration sensors, moisture-sensitive sensors, magnetic sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, vacuum sensors, biosensors and so on.

According to its output signal can be divided into: analog sensor - the measured non-electrical quantities into analog electrical signals; digital sensors - the measured non-electrical quantities into digital output signals (including direct and indirect conversion); the

digital sensors --Digital sensors - convert measured signal quantities into frequency signals or short-period signals (including direct and indirect conversion); switching sensors - when a measured signal reaches a specific threshold, the sensor accordingly outputs a set

low or high level signal.

According to their purpose of measurement, they can be categorized as: physical sensors, chemical sensors, biological sensors.

Awareness Of Sensitive Components

Photoresistor: A resistor whose resistance changes with the intensity of incident light.

Characteristics: when irradiated with different light photoresistor will get a different resistance, from the experimental data can be seen in general the stronger the light intensity, the smaller the resistance.

Nature: the general composition of the photoresistor material for the semiconductor material, when there is no light when the carriers are very few, the conductivity is not good; with the enhancement of light, carriers increase, the conductivity becomes stronger, the

resistance will be reduced.

Role: the light intensity of this optical quantity is converted to resistance of this electrical quantity, as the human eye, you can sense the intensity of the light, the application of photoresistors can be made into photoelectric counters. ☞ Street lights and the river and

sea beacons are required to light at night, daytime off, the use of semiconductor electrical properties made of automatic lighting, extinguishing the device to achieve automatic control, which is the use of semiconductor photosensitivity.

Thermistors And Metal RTDs

Thermistor ① made of semiconductor materials, the use of temperature changes in the conductivity of the semiconductor changes in the electronic components of the general resistance of the thermistor with the temperature increases and decreases. ② classification:

thermistor is a sensitive component of a class, according to the temperature coefficient is divided into positive temperature coefficient thermistor (PTC), negative temperature coefficient thermistor (NTC) and critical temperature thermistor (CTR). Positive temperature

coefficient thermistor resistance increases with increasing temperature; negative temperature coefficient thermistor resistance decreases with increasing temperature (this is the most common to the thermistor, such as the sidebar figure R-T image of the thermistor);

critical temperature thermistor has a negative resistance of the sudden change in resistance characteristics, at a certain temperature, the resistance value of the temperature increases with the sharp decrease in temperature, has a large negative temperature coefficient.

The change of their resistivity with temperature

Metal RTD: The resistivity of metal increases with temperature, using this property, metal wires can also be made into heat-sensitive sensors, called RTD general metal RTD sensitivity is poor.