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"Understanding Transistor: Input Characteristics, Output Characteristics, and Transistor Characteristics"

"Understanding Transistor: Input Characteristics, Output Characteristics, and Transistor Characteristics"

November 15 , 2023 0

What Is A Transistor?

The transistor is a solid semiconductor device (including diode, transistor, field effect tube, thyristor, etc., sometimes especially bipolar devices), with detection, rectification, amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation and other functions. As a kind of variable current switch, the transistor can control the output current based on the input voltage. Unlike ordinary mechanical switches (such as Relay, switch), transistors use electrical signals to control their own opening and closing, so the switching speed can be very fast, and the switching speed in the laboratory can reach more than 100GHZ.
In 2016, a team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory broke the physical limits and reduced the most sophisticated crystal process available from 14nm to 1nm, achieving a major breakthrough in computing technology
These devices are made of semiconductor materials commonly used for amplification or switching purposes, and can also be used to control the flow of voltage and current. It is also used to amplify the input signal into the extended area output signal. Transistors are typically solid-state electronic devices made of semiconductor materials. The cycle of the current can be changed by adding electrons. This process makes the voltage change proportionally affect many changes in the output current, thereby doubling the amplification. Except for most electronic devices, not all electronic devices contain one or more types of transistors. Some transistors are placed separately or are usually placed in integrated circuits, and these transistors will vary depending on the state application
"Transistors are three-legged insect-type components that are placed separately in some devices but in computers, which are packaged into millions of small chips.

What Does A Transistor Consist OF?

A transistor consists of three layers of semiconductors, which have the ability to maintain a current. Conductive materials such as silicon and germanium have the ability to transfer current between conductors and insulators surrounded by plastic wires. Semiconductor materials are processed by a certain chemical process called semiconductor doping. If the silicon is mixed with arsenic, phosphorus, and antimony, it will gain some additional charge carriers, i.e. electrons, called N-type or negative semiconductors, while if the silicon is mixed with other impurities (such as boron), home, aluminum, it will gain fewer charge carriers, i.e. holes, known as P-type or positive semiconductors.

How Do Transistors Work?

How it works is a major part of understanding how to use a transistor or transistor. How does it work? There are three terminals in a transistor:
• Base: It provides the base for the transistor electrode.
• Emitter: The resulting charge carrier.
• Collector: The resulting charge carrier.
If the transistor is of type NPN, we need to apply a voltage of 0.7v to trigger it, and apply this voltage to the transistor tu of the base tube for forward bias condition conduction, and current begins to flow through the collector to the emitter (also known as the saturated region). When the transistor is in the reverse-biased state or the base pin is grounded or without voltage, the transistor remains in the cutoff state and does not allow current to flow from the collector to the emitter (also known as the cutoff region).

If the transistor is PNP type, it is usually ON, but not perfect, until the base is fully grounded. After grounding the base pin, the transistor will be in a reverse-biased state or what is known as the on-state. As a power supply to the base pin, it stops the conduction of current from the collector to the emitter, and the transistor is in a cutoff or forward-biased state

To protect the transistor, we have a resistor in series and find the value of the resistor using the following formula:
RB=VBE/IB

Transistor Input And Output Characteristics

Transistor characteristics are the curves that represent the relationship between the current and voltage of a transistor in a specific configuration. By thinking of transistor configuration circuits as similar to two-port networks, they can be analyzed using the following types of characteristic curves.

1. Input characteristics: These describe changes in the input current, and changes in the input voltage value keep the output voltage constant.
2. Output characteristics: This is the relationship between the output current and the output voltage curve, the input current is constant.
3. Current transmission characteristics: The characteristic curve shows the output current changes with the input current, keeping the output voltage constant.

Common Base (CB) Configuration OF Transistors

In a CB configuration, the base terminals of the transistor are common between the input and output terminals, as shown in Figure 1. This configuration provides low input impedance, high output impedance, high resistance gain, and high voltage gain.

Input Characteristics OF Transistor CB Configuration

This results in the input resistance being expressed as:

Output Characteristics OF Transistor CB Configuration

The output characteristics of the CB configuration (Figure 3) show the change in collector currents C and V CB when the emitter current E is held constant. As can be seen from the figure, the output resistance can be obtained in the following ways:

Current Transfer Characteristics OF Transistor CB Configuration

Figure 4 below shows the current transfer characteristics of the CB configuration, which illustrates the variation of IC with IE so that VCB remains constant. The resulting value of the current gain is less than 1, which can be mathematically expressed as:

Common Collector (CC) Configuration OF Transistors

The transistor configuration has a collector terminal of the transistor that is shared between the input and output terminals (Figure 5) and is also called an emitter follower configuration. This provides high input impedance, low output impedance, voltage gain of less than 1, and large current gain.

Input Characteristics OF Transistor CC Configuration

Figure 6 shows the input characteristics of the CC configuration, which describes the change of the IB according to V CB with a constant value of the collector-emitter voltage V CE.

Output Characteristics OF Transistor CC Configuration

Figure 7 below shows the output characteristics of the CC configuration, which shows the change in E relative to the change in V CE for the constant value of I B.

Current Transfer Characteristics OF Transistor CC Configurations

This property of the CC configuration (Figure 8) shows the variation between E and B, keeping V CE constant.

Common Emitter (CE) Configuration OF Transistors

In this configuration, the emitter terminals are common between the input and output terminals, as shown in Figure 9. This configuration provides medium input impedance, medium output impedance, medium current gain, and voltage gain.

Input Characteristics OF Transistor CE Configuration

Figure 10 shows the input characteristics of the transistor's CE configuration, which shows the change according to the IB of V BE while V CE is held constant.

Output Characteristics OF Transistor CE Configuration

The output characteristics of the CE configuration (Figure 11) are also referred to as collector characteristics. The figure shows that while I B is held constant, I C changes with V CE. As can be seen from the figure, the output resistance can be obtained in the following ways:

Current Transfer Characteristics OF Transistor CE Configuration

This property of the CE configuration indicates that the variation of IC and IB keeps V CE constant. This can be mathematically given that the ratio is called the common-emitter current gain and is always greater than 1.