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Introduction to basic electronic components, a brief overview of the types of electronic components

Introduction to basic electronic components, a brief overview of the types of electronic components

August 17 , 2023 0

Resistors

Resistor in the circuit with "R" plus the number of said, such as: R15 said the number of 15 resistors. Resistor in the circuit of the main role for the shunt, current limiting, voltage, bias, filtering (used in combination with capacitors) and impedance matching, etc. 1. parameter identification: the unit of resistance for the ohm (), multiplier units are: kilo-ohm (KQ), megohm (MQ), etc.. Conversion method is 1 megohm = 1000 dry ohm = 000000 ohm resistor parameter labeling method there are three kinds, namely, direct labeling method, colour labeling method and number of labeling method number of labeling method is mainly used for SMD and other small volume of the circuit, such as:.
472 means 47X100Q (i.e. 4.7K:104 means 100KQ).
The colour ring marking method is the most used, examples are as follows.
Four-colour ring resistors - five-colour ring resistors (precision resistors)
The relationship between the position of the resistor's colour code and the multiplier is shown in the table below.
Colour, effective number, multiplier, allowable deviation (%)
Silver/ 10-2+10
Gold/ 10-1+5
Black 0 100/
Brown 1 101+1
Red2 102+2
Orange3 103/
Yellow4 104/
Green 5 05+0.5
Blue6 106+0.2
Purple7 107+0.1
Grey8 108/
White9 109+5 to -20
Colourless//+20

Capacitance

capacitance in the circuit is generally used "C" plus digital representation (such as C25 that the number of 25 capacitors). Capacitor is made of two pieces of metal film next to each other, separated by insulating material and components. The characteristics of capacitance is mainly isolated from the direct current AC. The size of the capacitance of the capacitor is the size of the stored electrical energy, capacitance of the AC signal obstruction is called capacitive resistance, which is related to the frequency of the AC signal and capacitance. Capacitive resistance XC = 1/2tfc (f indicates the frequency of the AC signal, C indicates the capacitance)
Types of capacitors commonly used in telephone electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, chip capacitors, monolithic capacitors, Vantage capacitors and polyester capacitors, etc. 2, identification methods: capacitance identification method is basically the same as that of the identification of resistors, divided into the direct marking method, the color-coded method and number of marking method of the three kinds. The basic unit of capacitance with farad () that other units are: millifarads (mF), microfarads (uF), nanofarads
(nF), Pi method PF).

Where: 1 Farad = 103 millifarads = 106 microfarads = 109 nanofarads = 1012 picofarads. The capacitance of the capacitor in the capacitance of the large value of the capacitance directly marked, such as 10uF/16V capacitance of the capacitance of the small value of the capacitance of the capacitance of the value of the capacitance of the capacitance of the letters on the capacitance or numerical expression

Alphabetical representation: 1mF1000uF...1P2=1.2PF1n=1000PF

Digital representation: the general use of three digits to indicate the size of the capacity, the first two that the effective number, the third digit is the multiplier. Such as: 102 that 10X102PF = 1000PF 224 that 22X104PF = 0.22uF
Failure characteristics in the actual maintenance, capacitor failure is mainly manifested as:

(1) pin corrosion caused by broken open-circuit failure.
(2) open-circuit faults of desoldering and soldering
(3) leakage of liquid caused by the small capacity or open-circuit fault
(4) leakage, serious leakage and breakdown faults.

Crystal Diode

Crystal diodes are often used in circuits with "D" plus a number.
Such as: D5 that the number of 5 diodes.

1, role: the main characteristic of the diode is unidirectional conductivity, that is, in the forward voltage, on-resistance is very small and in the reverse voltage under the action of the on-resistance is very large or infinite because the diode has the above characteristics, no wanted telephone is often used in the rectifier, isolation, voltage stabilisation, polarity protection, coding control, FM modulation and squelch and other circuits. Telephone used in the role of crystal diodes can be divided into: rectifier diode (such as 1N4004), isolation diode (1N4148), Schottky diode (BAT85), light-emitting diode regulator diode.

2, identification method: the identification of diodes is very simple, low-power diode N pole (negative), most of the diode in the diode appearance using a colour circle marked out, some diodes also use diode-specific symbols to indicate that the P-pole (anode) or N-pole (anode), there is also the use of symbols marked as "P" "N "to determine the polarity of the diode. Light-emitting diode positive and negative can be identified from the length of the pin, the long foot for positive, short foot for negative.

3, test notes: with a digital multimeter to measure the diode, the red pen connected to the diode's positive pole, the black pen connected to the diode's negative pole, the measured resistance is the diode's positive conduction resistance, which is just the opposite of the pointer multimeter pen connection. 4, commonly used 1N4000 series diode voltage comparison is as follows: 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4000, 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4001, 1N4000 series diodes.
Model 1N4001, 1N4002, 1N4003, 1N4004, 1N4005, 1N4006, 1N4007 withstand voltage (V50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 current (A) are 1

Voltage Regulator Diodes

Voltage regulator diode in the circuit commonly used "ZD" plus the number of said

Such as: ZD5 said the number of 5 voltage regulator.1, voltage regulator diode regulator principle: voltage regulator diode is characterised by the breakdown of the voltage on both sides of the basic to remain unchanged. In this way, when the regulator into the circuit, if the power supply voltage fluctuations, or other reasons for voltage changes in the circuit at various points, the voltage at both ends of the load will remain basically unchanged.2, fault characteristics: regulator diode faults are mainly manifested in the open-circuit, short-circuit and unstable value of the regulator. In these three kinds of faults, the first fault shows that the power supply voltage rises after two kinds of faults show that the power supply voltage becomes low to quarter volts or the output is not stable.

Inductance

Inductance in the circuit commonly used "work plus digital representation

Such as: L6 that the number of 6 inductance.

Inductance coil is an insulated wire in the insulated skeleton around a certain number of turns made o DC can be passed through the coil, DC resistance is the resistance of the wire itself, the voltage drop is very small when the AC signal through the coil, the coil will produce self-induced electromotive force on both sides of the self-induced electromotive force of the side of the self and the direction of the external electrode is opposite to the direction of the Ming impede the passage of the AC, so the inductance of the characteristics of the AC through the DC Yang, the higher the frequency, the line vote Yang resistance is the greater. The higher the frequency, the greater the linear resistance. Inductance in the circuit can be formed with capacitance oscillation circuit. Inductance generally have a straight label method and the colour code method, the colour code method is similar to the resistance. Such as: brown, black, gold, gold means 1uH (error 5%) inductance.

Inductance of its own unit is: Hen (H) conversion unit has: 1H = 103mH = 106uH

Varactor Diodes

Varactor diode is a special diode specially designed according to the principle that the junction capacitance of the "FN junction" inside the ordinary diode can change with the change of the applied reverse voltage. The capacitor diode is mainly used in the high-frequency modulation circuit of the mobile phone or landline to modulate the low-frequency signal to the high-frequency signal and transmit it out. In the working state, varactor diode modulation voltage is generally added to the negative pole, so that the varactor diode internal junction capacitance capacitance with the modulation voltage changes. Variable capacitance diode failure, mainly for leakage or performance deterioration.

(1) Leakage occurs, high frequency modulation circuit will not work or modulation performance deterioration.
(2) Variable capacitance performance deterioration, high-frequency modulation circuit work is not stable, so that the modulated high-frequency signal is sent to the other side of the other side of the reception of distortion. When the above situation occurs, it should be replaced with the same type of varactor diode.

Crystal Triode

Crystal triode in the circuit commonly used "Q" plus digital representation, such as: Q17 that the number of 17 transistors.1, features: crystal triode (referred to as transistor) is the internal contains 2 PN junction, and has the ability to amplify the special devices. It is divided into two types of NPN-type and PNP-type, these two types of transistors from the operating characteristics of each other can make up for the so-called OL circuit is the pair of tubes by the FNP-type and NPN-type paired use. Telephone commonly used FNP-type transistors: A92, 9015 and other models; NFN-type transistors: A42, 9014, 9018, 9013, 9012 and other models.2, crystal transistors are mainly used in amplifier circuits to amplify the role of the common circuit there are three types of connection.

Application of multi-stage amplifier intermediate stage, low-frequency amplification input stage,
Output stage or for impedance matching with high frequency or wide bandwidth circuits and constant current source circuits.Online work measurement
In the actual maintenance, transistors have been installed on the circuit board, to be removed to measure each one is really a hassle, and it is easy to damage the circuit board, according to the actual maintenance.

Field Effect Transistor Amplifiers

Field effect transistors have the advantages of high input impedance and low noise, and thus are also widely used in various electronic devices. Especially, the field effect transistor is used as the input stage of the whole electronic equipment, which can obtain the performance that is difficult to be achieved by general transistor.
level of the whole electronic equipment, can obtain the general transistor is difficult to achieve the performance.
Field effect tube is divided into junction type and insulated gate type two categories, its control principle are - the same. As Figure 1-1-1 is the two types of symbols.
field effect tube and transistor comparison (1) field effect tube is a voltage control element, while the transistor is a current control element. In the case of only allowing less current from the signal source, the field effect tube should be used; and in the signal voltage is lower, but also allows more current from the signal source under the conditions of the transistor should be used.

(2) field effect tube is the use of majority carriers conductive, so it is called unipolar device, while the transistor is the majority of carriers, but also the use of minority carriers conductive. Called bipolar devices.

(3) Some of the field effect tube source and drain can be used interchangeably, the gate voltage can be positive or negative, the flexibility is better than the transistor.

(4) field effect tube can work in a very small current and very low voltage conditions, and the purpose of its manufacturing process can be very convenient to integrate many field effect tubes in a piece of silicon, so the field effect tube in large-scale integrated circuits have been widely used.

How Relays Work

Definition of Relay

Relay is a kind of automatic control device that the output quantity will be changed by jumping when the input quantity (electricity, magnetism, sound, light and heat) reaches a certain value. Relay relay characteristics Ran electrical input signal x from zero even increase to reach the armature began to absorb the action value of xx Relay output signal immediately from y = 0 to y = ym, that is, the normally open contacts from the break to pass. -Day point closed, the input quantity x continues to increase, the output signal v will no longer change. When the input quantity x from a larger than xx value down to x relay began to release, the normally open contact breaks (Figure 1). We call this characteristic of the relay the relay characteristic, also called the input-output characteristic of the relay. The ratio of the release value xf to the action value xx is called the feedback coefficient i.e. Kf = xf/xx

The ratio of the control power Pc output from the contact to the minimum power absorbed by the coil PO is called the control coefficient of the relay i.e. Kc=PC/PO Classification of relays

Relays can be classified in many ways, according to the principle of action, dimensions, protection features, contact load, product use and other classifications. According to the principle of action

1, electromagnetic relays

Under the action of the current in the input circuit, the relative motion of mechanical parts to produce a predetermined response of a relay. It includes DC magnetic relays, AC electromagnetic relays, magnetic Bolt relays, polarization relays, reed relays, energy-saving power relays.

DC Electromagnetic Relay:Electromagnetic relay in which the control current in the input circuit is DC. AC electromagnetic relay: the control current in the input circuit is AC electromagnetic relay.
Magnetic retention relay: the magnet is introduced into the magnetic circuit, after the relay coil is de-
energized, the armature of the relay can still be maintained in the state when the coil is energized, and has two stable states.
polarization relay: state change depends on the input excitation polarity of a DC relay.
tongue relay: the use of sealed in the tube, with contacts reed and armature magnetic circuit of the double role of the action of the tongue reed to open, close or convert the line of the relay.
energy-saving power relays: the control current in the input circuit for the alternating current of the electromagnetic relay, but it is a large current (generally 30-100A), small, power-saving function

2. solid-state relaysInput and output functions are accomplished by electronic components without mechanical moving parts of a relay.
3. Time relayWhen added or removed from the input signal, the output part of the time delay or time limit to the specified time before closing or disconnecting the controlled line relay.
4. Temperature relayA relay that operates when the outside temperature reaches a specified value.

5. Wind speed relayWhen the wind speed reaches a certain value, the controlled circuit will be connected or disconnected

6. Acceleration butterfly electric applianceWhen the acceleration of a moving object reaches a specified value, the controlled circuit will turn on or off. Other types of relaysSuch as light relays, acoustic relays, thermal relays, etc.

7.Other types of relays Such as light relays, acoustic relays, thermal relays, etc.

Classification of Relay External

Miniature relays with the longest side dimension not more than 10mm
Ultra-small-sized relays with the longest side dimensions greater than 10mm, but not greater than 25mm relays Small relays with the longest side dimensions greater than 25mm, but not greater than 50mm relays

Relay contact load classification

Micropower relays less than 0.2A relay
Weak power relays 0.2~2A relays.
Medium power relays 2~10A relays
High power relays more than 10A relay.
Energy-saving power relays 20A-100A relays

The Classification Of Relay Ink Protection Characteristics

Sealed relay using welding or other methods, the contacts and coils, etc., sealed in the metal set, the leakage rate of the relay is low. Plastic sealing relay adopts the method of sealing glue to seal the contacts and coils etc. in plastic, and its leakage rate is high. Dustproof Relays are relays in which the contacts and coils are enclosed and protected by a housing. Open Relays are relays that do not use a protective cover to protect contacts and coils, etc.

Definition of Relay Application Classification

Nomenclature

Communication relays (including high-frequency relays) are relays with contact loads ranging from low levels to medium currents, and with low environmental requirements. Machine tool relays used in machine tools, contact load power, long life. Home appliance relays are used in household appliances and require good safety performance. Automotive relays for use in automobiles, these relays have high switching load power and high shock and vibration resistance. Solid State Relay Working PrincipleSolid State Relays (SolidStateRelays, abbreviated SSR) is a non-contact electronic switches, by discrete components, membrane fixed resistance network and chip, using a hybrid process assembly to realize the control circuit (input circuit) and load circuit (output circuit) of the electrical isolation and signal sugar, by the solid state devices to achieve the load switching on and off switching function, without any movable parts inside. There are no moving parts inside. Although there are many models and specifications of solid state relays on the market, their working principles are basically similar. Mainly by the input (control) circuit, drive circuit and output load) circuit consists of three parts.

The input circuit of solid state relay is to provide a circuit for the input control signal, so that it becomes the trigger signal source of solid state relay. The input circuit of solid state relay is mostly DC input, and some are AC input. DC input circuits are further divided into resistive inputs and constant current inputs. The input control current of the resistive input circuit varies linearly and positively with the input voltage. Constant-current input circuit, in the input voltage reaches a certain value, the current no longer with the rise in voltage and significantly increased, this relay can be applied to a fairly wide range of input electric Le Fan with. The driving circuit of the solid state relay can include three parts: the isolation and the function circuit and the triggering circuit.

Isolated consuming circuit, at present, the use of photoelectric coupler and high-frequency transformer two circuit forms. Commonly used photoelectric depletion coupler has light - diode, light a bi-directional controllable brick, light a diode array (light a volt) and so on. High-frequency transformer warping, is in a certain input electric music, the formation of about 10MHz self-excited oscillation, through the transformer dew core will be high-frequency signals to the transformer secondary. Functional circuits may include various functional circuits such as wave rectifier, over-zero, acceleration, protection, display and so on. The function of the trigger circuit is to provide a trigger signal to the output device.

Solid state relay output circuit is under the control of the trigger signal to realize the on-off switching of the solid state relay, the output circuit is mainly composed of the output device (chip) and the late-state inhibition role of the absorption circuit, sometimes including feedback circuit. At present, a variety of solid state relay output devices used mainly crystal transistor (ransistor), unidirectional controllable (Thvristor or SCR), bi-directional silicon controlled (Triac), MOS field effect tube (MOSFED), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and so on.